Managing Marine Resources Sustainably

MANAGING MARINE RESOURCES SUSTAINABLY 8/17/2011 Sanie Joel V. Cagoco Managing Marine Resources Sustainably 2011 ARTICLE SUMMARY Eutrophication is a syndrome of ecosystem responses to human activities that feast water bodies with nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P), often leading to changes in savage and plant populations and degradation of water and habitat quality. Nitrogen and phosphorous atomic number 18 essential components of structural proteins, enzymes, cell membranes, nucleic acids and molecules that capture and utilize light and chemic energy to support life.The biologic completelyy available forms of Nitrogen and phosphoric be present at low concentrations in pristine lakes, rivers, estuaries and in colossal regions of the upper sea. The natural resources of the sea be extremely valuable and, for the some part, are renewable. If properly managed, they should provide continuing returns into the rising without diminishing their productivity. Yet, for umteen of these re sources, including those of importance to industries such as ? shing and tourism, ef? ient management and sustainable exploitation take been the exception rather than the rule. Resources substantiate been depleted and throw collapsed due to over-exploitation, with unsafe economic and social consequences for the humans relying on them. Increasing demand for naval resources due to population growth and economic expansion has raised stir about the sustainability of the ocean resources and amenities that contribute to the well-being of great bundle nigh the globe. Highly productive searcheries have collapsed, ocean and coastal habitats have beenEutrophication was set-back evident in lakes and rivers as they became choked with excessive growth of root plants and floating algal scums, prompting intense study in the 1960s 70s and culmination in the scientific basis for censor phosphate detergents and upgrading sewage treatment to reduce wastewater Nitrogen and Phosphorous dis charges to inland waters. lost or degraded, and ascorbic acid dioxide from fossil fuels is changing the climate and some of the rudimentary properties of the leatherneck environment. These stresses increase the urgency of developing sustainable practices for activities in the ocean.Of the oceans renewable resources, fish are probably the most atmospheric pressure concern to people around the world. The sustainability of the oceans fisheries is essential for the well-being of people in both developing and industrialized nations, through markets that clasp from local to planetary in scale. Seafood is the major(ip) source of protein for more than 1 billion people internation solelyy, while about 44 million depend on angle or fish farming for their livelihood. Beca subprogram seafood provides an immediate connection between the ocean and people, we discuss fish intersection in terms of managing the trigger-happy modernize and developing sustainable qua glossiness practices. (Susan Roberts and Kenneth Brink) 1 Managing Marine Resources Sustainably 2011 Common to most definitions of sustainability is the design of using renewable resources without jeopardizing their availability for use by future generations. sustainable means different things to different people, and notably has been a point of contention in fisheries management. The 1992 UN Convention on Biological Diversity defined sustainable use as ? the use of components of biological diversity in a way and at a rate that does not lead to long-term decline of biological diversity, thitherby maintaining its otential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations. Fisheries management involves regulating when, where, how, and how much fishermen are allowed to harvest to ensure that there forget be fish in the future. It draws on fisheries science in order to find ways to protect fishery resources so sustainable exploitation is possible. Modern fisheries management is often re ferred to as a political system of appropriate management rules based on defined objectives and a mix of management means to carry through the rules, which are put in place by a system of monitoring control and surveillance.Thru fishery management, oceans would be fished and farmed to protect long-term production, not to generate the highest short-term cash flow. Market prices for catches would rise and fall within a predictable and useful range, which would reward fairly the boat makeers investments and crews labor. Fishing families would earn stable, year-round wages, and their coastal communities would thrive on these fishing wages and income generated by supporting businesses. Consumers would have stable supplies of high-quality local seafood.An armistice would end the debilitating wars between fishermen and environmentalists regime regulators would make quick realistic decisions and court dockets would be empty of head-of-the-pin fisheries cases more different strategies have been proposed to make fisheries more sustainable. A few of these approaches, which could be pursued in concert, are described here (a) adopting more worldly-minded catch limits, (b) changing the economic incentives of the fishing industry, and (c) enhancing the demand for sustainable products.An ecosystem is the basic functional unit in ecology, as it implicates both beingnesss and their abiotic environment. No organism fuck exist without the environment. Ecosystem represents the highest level of bionomic integration which is energy based. A pond, a lake, a coral reef, part of any field and a laboratory culture evict be some of the examples of ecosystems. Thus an ecosystem is 2 Managing Marine Resources Sustainably 2011 defined as a specific unit of all the organisms occupying a given area which interacts with the physical environment producing distinct trophic structure, biotic diversity and material cycling.Aquaculture, also known as aqua farming, is the farming of aqua tic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and Growing our own seafood through aquaculture can provide part of the solution to a major saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the harvesting of wild fish. Mariculture refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments. The wild capture fisheries are lonesome(prenominal) one part of the seafood industry.The largest growth in seafood production since 1990 has been in aquaculture, which presently accounts for about one-third of the worlds total fish and berate harvest. Aquaculture is expected to increase in importance as the demand for seafood increases. ecologic mishap overharvesting of the worlds marine life while change to the world(prenominal) supply of healthy seafood. In aquaculture, there is also the pickaxe of farming herbivores instead of carnivores. This typically means culturing filte r-feeding shellfish such as mussels, clams, and oysters.These species do not require fish feeds they are mostly herbivores that corrode phytoplankton in the water and their culture can be beneficial in areas prone to phytoplankton blooms and eutrophication. However, some of the other(a) concerns about aquaculture also apply to the culture of these mollusks including the effects of aquaculture operations on marine habitats and resident species. ARTICLES RELATIONSHIP TO PHILIPPINE ENVIRONTMENTAL CONDITION AND ITS AGENCIES CONCERNED The countrys main environmental institution is the segment of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).It was created in 1987 by Executive Order No. 192, which consolidated several organization agencies performing environmental functions. The DENR is primarily responsible for the conservation, management, development and proper use of the countrys environment and natural resources, specifically fo breathe and skimming lands, mineral resources, and lan ds of the public domain, as well as the licensing and regulation of all natural resources. 3 Managing Marine Resources Sustainably 2011 Apart from the DENR, there are other national government agencies involved in environmental management.The major ones include the Department of Agriculture (DA) and its Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), Department of Energy (DOE), Department of Health (DOH), guinea pig Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP), National water Resources Board (NWRB), National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), and Philippine National embrocate Corporation (PNOC) (the last two, in connection with watershed areas and reservations supporting hydroelectric power generation and geothermal fields, respectively).Moreover, even agencies not traditionally associated with environmental functions, such as the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), Department of dit and Communication (DOTC) and Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), have been given environm ental management roles under the Clean Air Act and Clean irrigate Act. Given the countrys poor fiscal position, limited financial resources is a problem that the DENR and other agencies with environmental management functions share with the rest of the bureaucracy.To address the environmental sectors financial needs contempt this limitation, reforms are necessary in both demand and supply sides. gain ground has been made in terms of the institutional arrangements in the Philippines in addressing marine resources sustainably but the present situation requires a comprehensive strategy that forget enable the country to effectively chart a more sustainable future. The establishment of a clear institutional mechanism by which the challenge of managing marine resources can be addressed is necessary.Ambiguities in the government institutions tasked to deal with marine resources issues must be eliminated. The highest priority however is to adopt and implement a strategic framework whi ch should guide the Philippine response in managing our marine resources. CONCLUSION If aquaculture is to fulfill its great promise, however, governments and citizens alike must be vigilant. Short-term economic considerations will make it all too open for marine aquaculture to slip into the ecologically harmful methods of large-scale, intensive livestock production increasingly adopted on land.Despite some recent improvements, lie with to date with commercial salmon farming is not encouraging in this regard. The most popular farmed species among consumers in developed countries tend to be carnivores, creating an special challenge to sustainability. Forms of 4 Managing Marine Resources Sustainably 2011 aquaculture that consume more fish than they produce cannot assist society in addressing the global problem of wild fisheries depletion.As we look forward over a century, it is clear that human impacts will continue, but that the nature and form of those impacts will surely change. New approaches are being developed to help balance the uses of coastal and marine environments, including no consumptive ecosystem services such as erosion control, biological carbon sequestration, recreation and tourism. Continued investments in research and strategic, long-term planning can help to ensure that future generations will have an opportunity to have it away and enjoy the ocean and its many resources.The responsible use of the planets resources to meet the needs of society for healthful food is a design universally supported by those across the spectrum of the aquaculture debate. All human activities have an effect on the environment, but in these early years of the twenty-first century, we are increasingly realizing that we have trod too heavily on the planet. Unsustainable habit patterns, particularly in developed countries, are leading to global ecological disruption and rapid depletion of both renewable and nonrenewable resources. It is in this consideration tha t the future of aquaculture must be determined.Growing our own seafood through aquaculture can provide part of the solution to a major ecological catastropheoverharvesting of the worlds marine lifewhile contributing to the global supply of healthy seafood. About the articles authors S. J. Roberts is the director of the nautical Studies Board at the National Research Council where she has worked since 1998. She received her B. S. in beast from Duke University and Ph. D. in marine biology from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. She has undertaken research on fish physiology, symbiosis, and developmental biology.At the National Research Council, she has conducted many studies on marine resource issues such as marine protected areas, ecosystem effects of fishing, and peril species. K. H. Brink is a physical oceanographer at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, where he has worked since 1980. He was educated at Cornell (B. S. ) and Yale (Ph. D. ). His research concentrates on currents over the Continental shelf, and their implications. His service as President of The Oceanography Society, and as Chair of the National Research Councils Ocean Studies Board, have involved him in a range of practical concerns about the ocean. 5