Underlying Normal Traits Within Abnormal Personality Disorders

streamlet steer regulation TRAITS in spite of appearance unnatural disposition DISORDERS primal Normal Traits at heart Ab conventionalism disposition Disorders Student University April 11, 2010 Running Head sane TRAITS within AB shape PERSONALITY DISORDERS Abstract Scholars nurse argued for decades concerning the situation that on that point atomic number 18 common temper distinctions be ab formula reputation attri exclusivelyes in throng who break dysfunctional soulfulnessalisedities. The Diagnostic and Statistical manual(a) of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition is the determinative guide on the renderings of these temperament singularitys, and it conciliated that thither were everal models to be considered when looking for a universal clinical comment of ab natural spirit. Researchers used either the coarse Four, walloping phoebe bird or different(a) models to draw and quarter what an ab design record consisted of and how it related to a desi gn genius as studied. Researchers metric somebodyality differences based on qualitative, quantitative and other key factor differences to determine design or kinky functioning in the flesh(predicate)ities. It was difficult to determine one substantive comment, as the traits overlapped from normal to abnormal characteristics noned.Later, the translation of mortalality dysfunctions allow life skills, personal tasks and life goals, and whether the one-on-one was able to function as a element of his golf club, magical spell meeting the expectations of that society. A persons mal correctationalness and evolutionary horse sense were added as part of the definition of whether the character was normal or abnormal, and whether a person had the skill to be able to manage personal relationships were considered as well in the general definition of abnormal record. Today, intercession options argon expanded from the traditional therapy handlings to allow in drug therapies, psychodynamic herapy, day hospital intervention, and dialectical behavior therapy. To date, day hospital interventions have proved rattling coiffe on non-schizophrenic tolerants suffering from abnormal reputation traits. Running Head NORMAL TRAITS deep down irregular PERSONALITY DISORDERS Introduction Scholars have argued for decades concerning the fact that in that location atomic number 18 normal character traits underlying abnormal personality traits in passel who exhibit dysfunctional personalities. Recently, scholars have begun to make an argument that under air category systems of personality isorders (PDs) should be substituted by trait dimensional strategy designations in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV Ameri keister psychiatrical Association, 2000). Experts atomic number 18 leaning towards using a Big Four model, which ar essentially maladaptive variants of the Big basketball team traits of normal personali ty, minus Openness (Watson, 1545). In a discussion of this discipline by Watson, Clark and Chmielewski, they state that the newly comprised Big Four model excludes odd or eccentric Cluster A PDs, (Watson, 1545) and that their results noted from three studies found a relationship examining the actors of normal and abnormal personalities. Their results established that the Oddity factor was considered to a greater extent broad than the Cluster A traits and more distinct from Openness and other Big Five models, which suggested an alternative fivesome factor model of personality pathology (considering only abnormal traits) and an expanded, integrated Big sixer taxonomy that subsumes both normal and abnormal personality characteristics (Watson, 1545). object slighton Theories The Watson development explains that the Big Four social system was a result of developed hierarchical models that combined general models, a alike the Big Three and the Big Five models.These former models of personality reviews included multidimensional factors reminiscent of Running Head NORMAL TRAITS indoors ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS past personality inventories. When the Big Three and Big Five models were formally combined, it was apparent that two high order traitsNeuroticism/ blackball senseality and Extraversion/Positive Emotionalityare included in both models (Watson, 1547). Considering these changes, Watson proposes a Big Four surmise which does not include Openness, but does include many of the traits of the other theories. Watson reports that their research on the Big Five heory also includes research on a Big Six taxonomy that subsumes both normal and abnormal personality dimensions (Watson, 1551). Definitions of unnatural Personalities Researchers have made recent discoveries that abnormal personalities can be modeled as utmost(a)s of normal personality variation (OConnor &038 Doyce, 2001) (Markon, p. 139). Even though researchers add together that it is poss ible to draw off normal and abnormal personalities within the same frameworks, they disagree on the building of what the framework will encompass. Even abnormal personality traits are seen flat as a variant of the extremes that can happen when eviewing normal personalities. one(a) way to make sense of the distinctions between normal and abnormal personalities is to describe personality pains (PDs) and develop a working definition for them. By shaping the traits for PDs, the researcher is able to develop a base for delineating personalities studied. Once normal traits are identified, abnormal traits need to be assessed. This can be through by reviewing the Big Five model of abnormal personalities. This is the juncture that normal and abnormal personalities overlap. Apparently, there are similar modeling structures that can be tilized to describe both normal and abnormal personalities. Some traits are very common Running Head NORMAL TRAITS at bottom ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDE RS between the two models, and others mimic similar personality descriptions. Meta- analytic Investigation Model One cohesive factor that applies to both normal and abnormal personalities is the meta- analytic investigation model. This model was proposed by OConnor in 2002, and it stated that there were structural relationships between normal and abnormal personalities (Markon, p. 142). The OConnor study in 2002 reviewed 37 personality and psychopathology inventories to etermine if dimensional structure differences existed between clinical and nonclinical respondents (OConnor B. P. , 2002). OConnor found similarity between normal and abnormal populations reviewed and measured similarities both in the number of factors that exist in the data matrices and in the factor pattern (OConnor B. P. , 2002). The ten abnormal behavior disorders listed by the DSM-IV are listed as paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, take careent, and obse ssivecompulsive (Livesley &038 Jang, p. 258). each(prenominal) of these disorders shows traits, and it is he way that nonrecreational clinicians are able to make accurate diagnoses of abnormal personality traits of their patients. This inclination of traits by the DSM, showed that the distinction between what was considered normal and what was considered abnormal was frequently bulge poplined by distinguishing the qualitative distinction between the two (Livesley &038 Jang, p. 258). Unfortunately, in impartial toneity researchers have come to find out that there are no true separations between normal and abnormal disorders, and they are hard press to find the dividing lines between the two entities. OConnor asked whether the distinction can be made using formerRunning Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS models, and what exactly was normal or abnormal personality disorder. When the conceptual distinctions between the two were reviewed, there are several mo dels to note. The close to noteworthy working model cosmos that there was no conclusion of discontinuity in the distributions of 100 traits selected to provide a systematic representation of personality disorder (Livesley &038 Jang, p. 259). In other words, there was no concrete severalise that the researchers would consistently find traits that were exclusively common or descriptive of a specific personality disorder.In fact, personality disorders were measured across normal and control groups. The findings were that there were similarities within the disorder traits and that some equaled normal and others split personality traits. In this way, the researchers queried whether disorder traits could be seen in normal personalities. The response was that there were few solid frameworks to make the decision which would provide a definitive resolvent to the question. In effect, extreme ends of the traits seemed to be deemed disorders, while extreme variations alone may not have b een considered becoming to state that a personality disorder actually existed.Quantitative Differences in Normal and Abnormal Personalities Quantitative differences exist between the normal and abnormal personality. The differences often flow up and muddle the personality traits and the disorders apparent within them. With personality disorders, often it is difficult to see how an extreme score on dimensions such as conscientiousness, extraversion, or agreeableness is ineluctably pathological. Researchers agreed that there were to be other spare factors that needed be present to justify the diagnosis (Livesley &038 Jang, p. 262).That additional trait is inflexibility and subjective Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS distress (Livesley &038 Jang, p. 259). The character trait of inflexibility is delimitate as one where the person has extreme traits, but not necessarily only an extreme position noted on any apt(p) trait. For exemplar, a person who is extremely open and gregarious, but then is not able to tone down his personality when necessary would be an example of this trait. Continuing with this example, what would make the person who is considered otherwise outgoing and spontaneous a person who is suffering from a personality disorder?Maladaptive Personalities The answer may come from prior work done by researchers who were find out personality and abnormal personality disorders. Extreme actions alone were not replete to say the person operated outside of normal personality parameters. The researchers at the sequence believed that personality disorders were the result of someone suffering from an abnormal variation of a personality being studied. It was measured in how much the person suffered from the disorder. This is where the theory of maladaptation or dyscontrolled impairment came into play (Widiger &038 Trull, 1991 Widiger &038 Sankis, 2000).The reason the researchers sought a generalise definition is that with out one, they would have to catalogue the various maladaptive manifestations of each trait (Livesley &038 Jang, p. 263). This was a difficult proposition, since even normal people were prone to exhibit maladaptive traits at some time in their lives. Another riddle came with the idea of traits as one certain rotary of behaviors that were noted on subjects clinically or otherwise. Extreme exhibitions of a trait may show some measureable amount of psychopathology, but were not exclusively indicative of being considered classically maladaptive.In this way, the researchers determined Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS that the definition of personality disorder needs to mix features of disorder that are separate from, although possibly correlated with, extreme trait variation (Livesley &038 Jang, p. 263). Harmful Dysfunctional Traits in Personalities These descriptions of personality were necessary because there were more than these factors to consider wh en find out a personality disorder. In fact, personality was considered to be a system of interrelated structures and processes (Costa &038 McCrae, 1994 Mischel, 1999Vernon, 1964) which included a person dispositional traits, motives, coping mechanisms, and ability to tame impulses are part of the process of determining normal or abnormal indications of personality. In other words, if these traits were considered denigrative dysfunctions, (Wakefield, 1992 Livesley &038 Jang, p. 263) they consisted of harmful traits that were underlying natural functions. So, the definition of a personality disorder can be considered a harmful dysfunction in the normally adaptive functions of a persons personality system (Livesley &038 Jang, p. 263)Another issue within the developing studies of personality disorders was that personality functions were considered to be seen as hard-pressed in individuals who exhibited personality disorders. Researcher Cantor described a persons personality as the cases of tasks a person sets as personal goals, and they way the person looks at his or her self, and life situations, and the strategies used to obtain personal tasks (Livesley &038 Jang, p. 263). This delineation of personality traits offered a true to form definition of what a personality disorder consisted of for the individual suffering from it.It was considered of a higher order than simply a dysfunction of a personality trait. here(predicate) it was described as needing to concentrate on life tasks as the Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS determining factor to determining if an individual had a personality disorder, and was therefore considered abnormal in terms of functioning personality. The researchers assumed that as a person lives his life, he orders his tasks as to what he sets as priorities for completing goals and meeting the needs of his nimble surrounding community and culture.This comes under the order of living in society and meet ing the expectations of people who live near the individual, or a way of fitting in within his community. It also had to do with the persons mean biology, or biological features characteristic of the individual. In fact, these tasks did vary depending on where the person lived and what the person had do to be able to survive in his culture. These may come under the umbrella of life skills, and they are definitely different considering where a person lived or had grown up. For example, a person who grew up in a small native Alaskan out island would have different life skills that ould a person who grew up and lived in a borough of Manhattan, NY. The two personalities of these individuals might be similar, but their life skills would be developed in obviously different ways. The person living in the native island village would have an understanding of the elements and what is necessary for bare-bones survival in possibly extreme conditions. While, the person who grew up in the city w ould have to understand how to be street smart and may need to jockey how to survive in even a potentially violent automated teller if the neighborhood suggested those skills were essential to survive on a day by day basis.Each individual may otherwise be soft spoken, or be considered similarly warm-hearted or kind. But decidedly, their life skills would separate them and put them a world away from each other in what they knew and needed to depend on to survive in their environs on a daily basis. Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS universal proposition Tasks Underlying temper Traits The researchers then understood that there would need to be a set of universal tasks that needed to be identified. These universal tasks were considered of evolutionary significance nd featured four universal challenges as set by Plutchik (1980). These were the four ways a persons individuation was developed and they included the ancestor to the problems of dominance and submissiveness created by hierarchy that is characteristic of primate social hierarchies development of a sense of territoriality or belongingness and solution to the problems of temporality, that is, problems of loss and separation. This allowed the researchers studying personality disorders to come to the conclusion that personality disorders prevented an individual from managing the adaptive answers or solutions hat were considered universally applicable to all(prenominal)one, or a persons life tasks. When an individual had a deficit in any of these areas, there was a noted harmful dysfunction and the person was unable to adapt to be able to function in his environment or society. The life tasks then seen as either being effectuate or being abandoned by the individual, probably because of this identified deficit. nature disorder was seen as different from other disorders by the fact that these failures should be enduring and traceable to adolescence or at least early mat urity and hey should be due to extreme personality variation rather than other pervasive and chronic mental disorder such as a cognitive or schizophrenic disorder (Livesley &038 Jang, p. 264). Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS Evolutionary Sense Within temperament Traits There was talk of the individual not being able to adapt to his environment in an evolutionary sense which spoke to whether the person had garnered enough skills for ensuring adaptive social behavior to allow reproduction and survival (Livesley &038 Jang, p. 264). This was xplained as stating that the adaptive traits would contribute to the person adapting to his environment and society in general, and the person adapting to his family unit would move the person towards being able to rear children and finally reproduce to pass down his traits to offspring later on. This is the general definition of people who have self confidence in their dealings with others, and are able to live i n harmony in stable relationships, while becoming productive members within their society or community. These can be seen to be part of the ancestral or evolutionary needs of every individual, whether the person had an abnormal ersonality or normal personality. The more common description of an abnormal personality comes from what the common person observes when someone has problems dealing within a relationship. Rutter (1987) stated that personality disorders were characterized by persistent, pervasive abnormality in social relationships and social functioning generally (Rutter, p. 454). Also, Tyrer (2001) stated that we do not necessarily need to know everything about someones personality to recognise the elements that make it disordered (Tyrer, p. 83). Tyrer states quite honestly that psychiatrists iew these descriptive axioms as something to be deferred, and says personality disorder and mental retardation are stigmatic terms that psychiatrists like to avoid (Tyrer, p. 83). So the question is, how can one determine the underlying normality within the abnormal Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS personality? For this the clinician and the layperson need review the DSM-III, considered the prime(a) source of personality disorder classification (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). The DSM classifies what is considered normal and abnormal in terms of personality.The professionals in the field disagree to the proposed stereotyping of this group of classifications, on the basis of the fact that such profiling is considered quite inappropriate in such a complicated field (Tyrer, p. 84). In fact, it appears that there are burgeoning alternative and substitute classifications being used for determining personality disorders in surveys, trials, studies and private practice. Most people would be surprised to find out that this topic has been heatedly debated over the past two decades. Many people most likely assume that there is one clinical efinition of what is normal, and what is not normal when it comes to personality disorders. The media plays into this, as well as the television and moving picture plots. The person seen as abnormal is cloaked in symbolic black, speaks in a raspy voice or has otherwise obvious mentally deviant behaviors that even the least sophisticated person in the listening could confidently label as the bad guy. record Disorders Studied oversea Even the study of personality disorders abroad have led researchers to agree to disagree in the area of determining how to describe profiles for patients with underlying normal traits within heir abnormal personality profiles. In a study performed by McCrae (2001) in The Peoples Republic of China, 1,909 psychiatric patients were examined to determine the accuracy of the hypotheses determined from the Interpretive Report of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (McCrae, p. 155). The researchers determined that the PDs were not separate catego ries that Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS could be determined in a vacuum. They realized that they needed to consider a more all-round(prenominal) and gracious system of personality traits, to be considered an accurate measure f the patients personality issues and concerns. The researchers found that the personality traits of the patients did not fit into the DSM-IV delineate traits. They did draw on the same five underlying personality traits (McCrae, p. 171), and were considered redundant, but there were several areas of overlap to be considered conclusive. In fact, over 60% of the patients that were being treated for maladaptive personalities were not meeting the criteria defined in the DSM-IV, as relating to any criteria for a PD (McCrae, p. 171). The maladaptive behaviors, the persons habits and personal attitudes were all measured o find a comprehensive scale for measuring the personality traits of the patients. It was determined that the re sults were insignificant, and concluded that personality profiles were retiring predictors of categorical PDs, but they are immensely informative about people (McCrae, p. 172). Treatment Options for Abnormal Personality Traits But clinicians and psychiatrists are still enkindle in treating and helping people who exhibit the traits of these personality disorders identified above. They are in disagreement whether there are normal traits that are underlying the abnormal personality traits that deserve to e treated in an perspiration to offer the patient an opportunity to live a proficient and productive life. This is a critical option for people who have normal personality traits, but also exhibit the identified borderline abnormal personality traits as well within their psyche. Over a half decade ago, the best treatments were heralded as therapeutic, and they seemed Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS to promise the greatest success overall. But today, there are many alternate treatments available for individuals exhibiting abnormal personality disorders. They include drug therapies, sychodynamic therapy, day hospital intervention, and dialectical behavior therapy (Linehan, 1992, Tyrer, p. 84). Other methods of treatment that carry high success for the patients are the partial hospitalization of patients (Bateman &038 Fonagy, 1999). Bateman &038 Fonagy compared the military strength of treating patients exhibiting borderline personality disorders with partial hospitalization s a standard psychiatric care. They studied thirty-eight patients with borderline personality disorder and offered them individual and group psychoanalytic psychotherapy, for up to 18 months (Bateman &038 Fonagy, 1999).The results were that the patients who had been partially hospitalized did exhibit less problems, with An improvement in depressive symptoms, a decrease in suicidal and self-mutilatory acts, trim down inpatient days, and better social and int erpersonal function began at 6 months and continued until the end of treatment at 18 months (Bateman &038 Fonagy, 1999). Their conclusion was that the partial hospitalization was determined as a far superior type of psychiatric care for those patients exhibiting borderline personality disorder. This treatment option was in opposition with the standard treatment options of the herapies listed above. These results were similar in the study by Piper, (1993) where a day treatment program at the University of Alberta Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta was studied. The patients were referred from the day treatment program and walk-in clinic, and utilized participants with chronically softheaded non-schizophrenic patients, who usually have emotional and personality disorders (Piper, p. 757). The results of the study were that day treatment programs were considered effective for patients with long-term nonschizophrenic disorders. The Running Head NORMAL TRAITS WITHIN ABNORMAL PERSONALITY DISOR DERS atients noted significant improvement in four of the five areas studiedinterpersonal functioning, symptomatology, life satisfaction, and self-esteemas well as in several of disturbance associated with individual objectives (Piper, p. 762). Reference American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSMIII). Washington, DC APA. Bateman, A. &038 Fonagy, P. (1999). speciality of partial hospitalization in the treatment of borderline personality disorder a randomized controlled trial. 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